Studies with the FMS 2000:

Benedict PE, Lubitz S, "A Promising Technique for Treating Circulatory Arrest Associated with Coagulopathy", Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003, 96:909-910.

Smith CE, Kabbara A, Kramer RP, Gill I, Evaluation Of A New IV Fluid And Blood Warming System To Prevent Air Embolism. International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society Journal (ITACCS) 2001, 11(2):78-82.

Comunale, ME, A Laboratory Evaluation of the Level 1 Rapid Infuser (H1025) and the Belmont Instrument Fluid Management system (FMS 2000) for Rapid Transfusion. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003 Oct; 97(4): 1064-1069.

Comunale, ME, Risk Management Considerations in Surgical Fluid Management: The Prevention of Hypothermia and New Advances in Fluid-Warming Technology. Today’s Therapeutic Trends 2000 18(1):87-95.

Studies with the Belmont buddy(TM) Blood and Fluid Warmer:

Avula RR, Smith CE, "Air Venting and In-line Intravenous Fluid Warming for Pediatrics" Anesthesiology 2005, June, 102:1290.

Zhang RV, Posey RJ, Schmeck A, Lampotang S, "Evaluation and Comparison of the Hotline fluid warmer and the Belmont Instrument Buddy Fluid Warmer". Anesthesiology 2005, 103:A855.

Maani CV, Mongan PD, "Relative Efficiency of Hotline, Buddy, and Ranger Blood/Fluid Warming Devices", Anesthesiology 2005, 103:A856

Air Embolism Risks from Pressure Infusion:

Adhikary GS, Massey SR, Massive Air Embolism: A Case Report. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:70-72.

Hartmannsgruber, M WB, Gravenstein, N, Very limited air elimination capability of the Level 1 fluid warmer. J.Clin. Anesth. 1997 May (9):233-235.

Comunale, ME IV Fluid Warmers Create Air Embolus Danger. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Newsletter 15 (3), Fall 2000.

Smith CE, Principles of Fluid Warming in Trauma. Seminars in Anesth, Periop Med, and Pain. 20: 51-59, 2001.

Bush HL Jr, Hydo LJ, Fischer E, Fantini GA, Silane MF, Barie PS.
Hypothermia during elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: the high price of avoidable morbidity. J Vasc Surg. 1995 Mar;21(3):392-400; discussion 400-2.

Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Eng J Med 1996 May 9:334(19):1209-15.

Frank SM, Fleisher LA, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1997 Apr 9;277(14):1127-34

Lenhardt R, Marker E, et al. Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997 Dec;87(6):1318-323.

Smith CE, Desai R, et al. Preventing hypothermia: convection and intravenous warming versus convection warming alone. J Clin Anesth 1998 Aug;10(5):380-5.

Reviews of Rapid Infusion Devices:

Elia E, Kang Y, Rapid Transfusion Devices for Hemorrhagic Cardiothoracic Trauma. Seminars Cardio & Vasc Anesth 2002, 6(2) 105-112.

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